Frames and Windows

from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

# By index (0-based)
driver.switch_to.frame(0)

# By name or id attribute
driver.switch_to.frame("iframe-name")
driver.switch_to.frame("iframe-id")

# By WebElement
iframe_el = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "iframe.content-frame")
driver.switch_to.frame(iframe_el)

driver.switch_to.parent_frame()   # go up one level (nested frames)
driver.switch_to.default_content() # return to top-level document

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
wait.until(EC.frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it((By.CSS_SELECTOR, "iframe.editor")))

# Now interact inside the frame
editor = driver.find_element(By.ID, "content-area")
editor.send_keys("Hello from inside the frame")

# Switch into outer frame, then inner frame
driver.switch_to.frame("outer-frame")
driver.switch_to.frame("inner-frame")

# Do work...
driver.find_element(By.ID, "inner-element").click()

# Exit to parent frame first, then to default
driver.switch_to.parent_frame()
driver.switch_to.default_content()

# 1. Locate and switch
iframe = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "iframe")
driver.switch_to.frame(iframe)

# 2. Interact inside the frame
driver.find_element(By.ID, "submit").click()

# 3. Always return to the main document when done
driver.switch_to.default_content()

# Capture the original window handle
original_window = driver.current_window_handle

# All current handles
print(driver.window_handles)   # list of handle strings

# Open a new tab (Selenium 4+)
driver.switch_to.new_window("tab")

# Open a new browser window (Selenium 4+)
driver.switch_to.new_window("window")

# Switch by handle
for handle in driver.window_handles:
    driver.switch_to.window(handle)
    if "expected title" in driver.title:
        break

# Switch to a newly opened window (the one that isn't the original)
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
wait.until(EC.number_of_windows_to_be(2))

for handle in driver.window_handles:
    if handle != original_window:
        driver.switch_to.window(handle)
        break

# Close the current tab
driver.close()

# Switch back to the original window after closing
driver.switch_to.window(original_window)

original = driver.current_window_handle

# Trigger action that opens a new tab/window
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Open Preview").click()

# Wait for the new window and switch to it
WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.number_of_windows_to_be(2))
new_window = [h for h in driver.window_handles if h != original][0]
driver.switch_to.window(new_window)

# Do work in the new window
print(driver.title)

# Close the new window and return
driver.close()
driver.switch_to.window(original)

# Selenium 4.1+ supports shadow roots natively
host = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "my-custom-element")
shadow_root = host.shadow_root

# Find elements inside the shadow root
inner_el = shadow_root.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#inner-input")
inner_el.send_keys("hello")

host = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "my-custom-element")
shadow_root = driver.execute_script("return arguments[0].shadowRoot;", host)
inner = shadow_root.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#inner-btn")
inner.click()

# Browser popups triggered by window.open() are treated as new windows
original = driver.current_window_handle
driver.find_element(By.ID, "open-popup").click()

WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.number_of_windows_to_be(2))
popup = [h for h in driver.window_handles if h != original][0]
driver.switch_to.window(popup)

# Interact with popup
driver.find_element(By.ID, "popup-confirm").click()
driver.close()
driver.switch_to.window(original)